Q1: what are the large biological molecules?
A1: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Q2: why are they defined as large biological molecules?
A2: they are macromolecules which are built from monomers.
Q3: how are the large molecules formed?
A3: monomers form by dehydration.
Five Facts:
1. macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
2. carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
3. lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
4. proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5. nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Figure
Phospholipids can be bilayer of cells. It is compounded by fatty acids, phosohate, glycerol, and choline. Fatty acids which are carbon and hydrogen bond together are hydrophobic, and the head is hydropilic. When the phospholipids form the bilayer, the heads are in contact with water , and the hydrophobic tails are in contact with each other and remote from water.
Summary:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules, which are polymers built from monomers. Dehydration reaction, which means lost water molecules, help bond monomers together. Hydrolysis is the opposite. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates. Disaccharide consists two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides consist alot. Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are types of lipids. Fatty acid and glycerol make fat. Oil is unsaturated fat. Phospholipids have hydropilic head and hydrophobic tail.
Protein consists one or more polypeptides which are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids have carboxyl, amino group, alpha carbon, and R group. Primary structure is sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure is the coils and folds. Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids. Quaternary structure is the result from aggregation of these polypeptide subunits.Because of pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc, the protein may lose its shape, which is called denaturation. Nicleic acids are DNA and RNA. They are polymers of nucleotide, which conclude sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogeous base. Both DNA and RNA are important meterial of gene.
Key Terms:
A1: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Q2: why are they defined as large biological molecules?
A2: they are macromolecules which are built from monomers.
Q3: how are the large molecules formed?
A3: monomers form by dehydration.
Five Facts:
1. macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
2. carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
3. lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
4. proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5. nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Figure
Phospholipids can be bilayer of cells. It is compounded by fatty acids, phosohate, glycerol, and choline. Fatty acids which are carbon and hydrogen bond together are hydrophobic, and the head is hydropilic. When the phospholipids form the bilayer, the heads are in contact with water , and the hydrophobic tails are in contact with each other and remote from water.
Summary:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules, which are polymers built from monomers. Dehydration reaction, which means lost water molecules, help bond monomers together. Hydrolysis is the opposite. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates. Disaccharide consists two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides consist alot. Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are types of lipids. Fatty acid and glycerol make fat. Oil is unsaturated fat. Phospholipids have hydropilic head and hydrophobic tail.
Protein consists one or more polypeptides which are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids have carboxyl, amino group, alpha carbon, and R group. Primary structure is sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure is the coils and folds. Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids. Quaternary structure is the result from aggregation of these polypeptide subunits.Because of pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc, the protein may lose its shape, which is called denaturation. Nicleic acids are DNA and RNA. They are polymers of nucleotide, which conclude sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogeous base. Both DNA and RNA are important meterial of gene.
Key Terms:
- cellulose-A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.
- chitin-A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
- starch-A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkages.
- triacylglycerol-Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride
- steroid-a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.
- catalyst-A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
- disulfide bridge-A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
- peptide bond-The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction
- alpha (α) helix-A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding.
- beta (β) pleated sheet-One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
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