Q1: what is the structure of carbon atom?
A1:carbon has 6electrons, with 2 in first electron shell and 4 in the second shell.
Q2: How does carbon exist in biosphere?
A2: Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of plants, which use solar energy to transform atmospheric CO2 into the molecules of life.
Q3: What common things are made of carbon element?
A3: Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules.
Five Facts:
1. Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the study of carbon compounds is callded organic chemistry.
2. carbon can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.
3. The carbon skelectons of organic molecules vary in length and shape and have bonding sites for atoms of other elements.
4. The distinctive properties of an organic molecule also depend on the molecular components attached to that skeleton.
5. ATP is an important source of energy for cellular processes.
Figure
A1:carbon has 6electrons, with 2 in first electron shell and 4 in the second shell.
Q2: How does carbon exist in biosphere?
A2: Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of plants, which use solar energy to transform atmospheric CO2 into the molecules of life.
Q3: What common things are made of carbon element?
A3: Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules.
Five Facts:
1. Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the study of carbon compounds is callded organic chemistry.
2. carbon can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.
3. The carbon skelectons of organic molecules vary in length and shape and have bonding sites for atoms of other elements.
4. The distinctive properties of an organic molecule also depend on the molecular components attached to that skeleton.
5. ATP is an important source of energy for cellular processes.
Figure
Miller set up a simulate condition of origin earth. He evaporated water and mixed gas of water with hydrogen, methane, and ammonia. Under the lightning and cooling, some simple organic molecules were formed. As a result, organic molecules may have been synthesized abiotically on the early earth.
Summary:
Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the study of carbon compounds is callded organic chemistry. Vitalism, the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws, provided the foundation for the new discipline of organic chemistry. Stanley Miller made the organic compound acetic from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from pure elements.
Carbon atom usually completes its valence shell by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds. Tetrahedron is the shape of four single covalent bonds. When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are in the same plane. The shape pf a molecule often determines its function. CO2 is inorganic. Urea is both single and double bonds. Carbon skelectons vary in length, straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings, or vary in number and location. Hydrocabons, organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen, are hydrophobic. The distinctive properties of an organic molecule also depend on the molecular components attached to that skeleton. Seven most important chemical group are hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methy groups.
Key Terms:
- isomer- One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties.
- geometric isomer-One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.
- enantiomer-One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.
- functional group-A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
- amino group-A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.
- carbonyl group-A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
- carboxyl group-A chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
- hydroxyl group-A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.
- methyl group-A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.
- phosphate group-A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.
- sulfhydryl group-A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOhEJK4Umds
Isomers of Hexane
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